Susceptibility To HPV And Prevention And Care Tips For Males
Men, are susceptible to HPV when they do not get immunized, when they engage in unprotected sexual intercourse or when they do not clean their genital areas properly including wearing clean clothes. Various sources such as UK's Public Health England (PHE), CDC and various ministries of Health in African countries have guidelines one can check as well as addresses to report to for interventions.
According to American Cancer Association (ACA), Suks Minhas et Al, Reis AA et Al and many others, on top of HPV, hygiene and injury are two leading risk factors for penile cancer.
- Poor hygiene—Poor hygiene can increase a man's risk of penile cancer.
- Smegma—Smegma, a whitish substance that can accumulate beneath the foreskin, is associated with greater risk of penile cancer. The American Cancer Society suggests that smegma may not be carcinogenic, but may increase the risk by causing irritation and inflammation of the penis.
- Balanitis and penile injury—Inflammation of the foreskin and/or the glans penis (balanitis) is associated with about 3.1 times increased risk of penile cancer.It is usually caused by poor hygiene, allergic reactions to certain soaps, or an underlying health condition such as reactive arthritis, infection, or diabetes.Small tears and abrasions of the penis are associated with about 3.9 times increased risk of cancer.
- Phimosis—Phimosis is a medical condition where the foreskin cannot be fully retracted over the glans. It is considered a significant risk factor in the development of penile cancer (odds ratio of 38–65).Phimosis may also be a symptom of penile cancer.
- Paraphimosis—Paraphimosis is a medical condition where the foreskin becomes trapped behind the glans. It is considered a risk factor for the development of penile cancer.
- Circumcision—Some studies show that circumcision during infancy or in childhood may provide partial protection against penile cancer, but this is not the case when performed in adulthood. It has been suggested that the reduction in risk may be due to reduced risk of phimosis; other possible mechanisms include reduction in risk of smegma and HPV infection.
Prevention is possible and Bleeker MC(2009) in their article Penile cancer: epidemiology, pathogenesis and prevention, advised the following:
- HPV vaccines such as Gardasil or Cervarix may reduce the risk of HPV and, consequently, penile cancer.
- The use of condoms is thought to be protective against the HPV associated penile cancer.
- Good genital hygiene, which involves washing the penis, the scrotum, and the foreskin daily with water, may prevent balanitis and penile cancer. However, soaps with harsh ingredients should be avoided.
- Cessation of smoking may reduce the risk of penile cancer.
- Circumcision during infancy or in childhood may provide partial protection against penile cancer. Several authors have proposed circumcision as a possible strategy for penile cancer prevention; however, the American Cancer Society points to the rarity of the disease and notes that neither the American Academy of Pediatrics nor the Canadian Academy of Pediatrics recommend routine neonatal circumcision.
- Phimosis can be prevented by practising proper hygiene and by retracting the foreskin on a regular basis.
- Paraphimosis can be prevented by not leaving the foreskin retracted for prolonged periods of time.
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